Pink mold in shower

Pink mold in shower

Pink mold, residue, or slime in a humidifier is a sign that you haven’t maintained the appliance correctly. All three are a form of mold, which thrives in the damp parts of the machine. Regular cleaning and drying removes the residue and prevents regrowth. ... you do not have to worry unless it finds its way into your shower. Serratia ...What is Pink Mold? Pink mold, scientifically known as Serratia marcescens, is not a true mold but a type of bacteria. It often manifests as a pink or reddish film on …The shower should be a bastion of cleanliness in one's home. It is where you can go after a long day and clean yourself. However, that does not mean that the shower is invincible against the nasty menace that is mold. One of the worst types of mold that can be encountered in the shower is that of pink mold.Ancient fossilized chlorophyll was dark red and purple, which would have caused ancient water and soil to appear pink. HowStuffWorks looks at this color phenomenon. Advertisement W...Experts estimate that short-term pink eye (conjunctivitis) affects more than 6 million people in the United States every single year. In order to reduce the risk of getting pink ey...Dec 9, 2018 · Use 1.5 cups of bleach in 1 gallon of water (around 1 part bleach to 10 parts water). Other options for killing mold are 1 cup of borax (sodium borate) in 1 gallon of water, undiluted vinegar, or 3 percent hydrogen peroxide. Use these cleaners separately to avoid dangerous chemical reactions. Apr 27, 2021 - Pink mold is a bacteria that thrives in warm, moist areas like showers, tubs, and toilet bowls. Learn how to identify pink mold and get rid of the bacteria. Make sure to wash your shower curtain and clean all the rings etc (if you have one). Dry it completely afterwards. If you don't already, I recommend using a squeegee after each shower to dry the shower :) You definitely need to do a deep clean at least once and then just maintain it. Mold is a common problem in many households, especially in areas with high humidity levels such as bathrooms. One of the most challenging places to deal with mold is in shower grou...Pink Mold. Pink mold is a common problem in many households, and this mold is usually found in the bathroom area within the home. This type of organic growth prefers a damp area and it thrives in materials such as bathroom grout, toilets, and other areas around the bathtub, shower and toilet.Alex Varela, general manager of Dallas Maids promises that bleach is a superpowered antibacterial that can help get rid of pink mold fast. “First, scrub the area using 1 tsp. of dish soap and a scrubby sponge—this will dislodge surface dirt or grime and prime the surface; then rinse thoroughly. Next, add your undiluted bleach to a spray ...Peeing in the shower is gross. However, peeing in the shower will not harm anyone or anything. Thus, one cannot take a stance on whether peeing in the shower is acceptable until on... Often found in bathrooms, Pink Mold grows in damp, humid conditions and is often found in bathroom grout, toilets, showers and sinks.Pink colored mold can be caused by a bacterium called “Serratia Marcescens” or by Aureobasidium and Fusarium mold. Dealing with Pink Mold in Your Bathroom: Causes, Risks, and Effective Remedies · Pink mold, also known as Serratia marcescens, is a microorganism often mistaken ...The reason pink mold grows in bathrooms is because it loves damp environments, and it likes to “eat” fatty substances and phosphorus, two materials commonly found in soap residue, body oils ...About Pink Shower Film. Often referred to as "pink mold" or "pink slime," pink film is a bacterial substance called Serratia marcescens in the family Enterobacteriaceae. It may be pink, pink-orange, orange, or orange-red in color. This airborne bacteria prefers damp conditions, which is why it is commonly found growing in bathrooms on grout ...Often found in bathrooms, Pink Mold grows in damp, humid conditions and is often found in bathroom grout, toilets, showers and sinks.Pink colored mold can be caused by a bacterium called “Serratia Marcescens” or by Aureobasidium and Fusarium mold.. It may not be as toxic as black mold, but pink mold has been linked to urinary tract infections, …Pink mold/mildew in shower Bathroom Hello all! Hoping you can help us with an ongoing issue we are having in our home. Briefly, the house we bought has small hexagonal tiles, which seem nearly impossible to keep clean. Specifically, there is a routine buildup of pink mold/mildew (and some lesser concern about discoloration/black mold) in the grout.The pink or even red staining that can occur in showers and bathtubs is often mistaken for mold or even marine algae (Red Algae). However, the discoloration is most likely to be a particular kind of bacterial growth known as Serratia marcescens. S. Marcescens is an airborne pathogen that would likely be carried into the house by way of humans ...Pink mold is not mold but a type of bacteria that thrives in damp and warm environments. Learn how to identify, remove and prevent pink mold in your shower with DIY tips and professional advice.Depending on how widespread your mold infestation is, there’s a fairy simple remedy to eradicating the problem. Step #1 Gather supplies–You’ll need bleach, a mask, gloves, toilet paper and vinegar for this process. Step 2: Start by first venting the area by opening up a nearby window and put on a mask and gloves.Installing a bathroom shower takes a lot of time and hard work. Depending on the design of your new shower, the project could require more man-hours and, therefore, cost more than ...Easy Ways to Get Rid of Mildew in a Shower. Clean Moldy Spots with Pure Vinegar. Getting Rid of Dark Mold on Tiles with Vinegar and Baking Soda. Knock Out Mildew with Hydrogen Peroxide. Clean Your Shower with Vinegar and Dish Soap. Learn How to Clean Moldy Grout Naturally with Borax. Step Up Your Cleaning with Bleach.Commonly mistaken for mold, the pink slime is actually an overgrowth of bacteria. @dr.karanr / Tiktok . The best way to keep the “pink slime” at bay is to prevent it from growing in the first ...Guide to Eliminating Pink Mold on Bathroom Surfaces. Shower Doors and Walls. Mix 1/4 cup baking soda and one tablespoon liquid dish soap to make a cleaning paste. Put the paste on the bacteria, remove the pink coating with a soft-bristled brush, and then rinse it thoroughly. ... Spray all pink stains on the shower curtain as well as the liner ...Apr 27, 2021 - Pink mold is a bacteria that thrives in warm, moist areas like showers, tubs, and toilet bowls. Learn how to identify pink mold and get rid of the bacteria.Therefore, the pink mold must receive your attention just as much as other types of mold. Pink Mold in Shower and Bathroom. Bathroom, shower, wet toilet, and other perpetually-moist places are ideal habitats for the growth of pink mold. Toilet and bathroom are favorite habitats for bacteria. There is a large amount of filth and other …1. To clean pink mold in the shower with bleach. As a powerful antibacterial, bleach is ideal if you’ve got a real pink mold issue going on in your shower. “In a spray bottle, combine 1 part ...Mold toxicity can present as a syndrome with many symptoms, such as depression. Treatment is available to help you cope and get rid of mold in your home. One school of thought main...To defend your bathroom sink drains, toilet bowls, shower surfaces or more from pink mold, regularly wipe down or clean the surface after use. As a bacteria, pink mold likes to feed on fats and ... Causes of Pink Mold in the Shower. Understanding the factors that contribute to the growth of pink mold is crucial in preventing its recurrence. The primary culprits include: Moisture: Pink mold thrives in damp environments, making showers a perfect breeding ground. Soap Scum: Residue from soap provides a nutrient-rich surface for pink mold to ... I mix baking soda with blue dawn soap and some peroxide and get a paste consistency and lather it on the pink mold and let it sit for a few minutes then scrub with a brush and then wash it off. Afterwards I spray vinegar on it and I keep a spray bottle of white vinegar to spray between showers. Usually keeps at bay for a little longer.Pink mold is most common in the bathroom, but can grow anywhere in the home. Causes of mold, prevention, how to properly clean it. Health risks from pink ...Although Serratia marcecens is not mold, if the pink bacteria in your home is caused by a leak in your plumbing, we can help. If you suspect fungus is in your bathroom or any part of your home—or you’ve found a leak—make an appointment with a plumber. You can reach CW Service Pros at 972-395-2597 anytime!To remove mold in shower drain, Make a paste by mixing ½ cup of baking soda and ½ cup of water and apply it on the shower drain for 5-10 minutes. After that, scrub and rinse it with hot water to flush away all the residue. Remember, Proper ventilation is also crucial to prevent mold since it thrives in damp conditions.BigFoot Shower Curtain Liner – 72 x 72 PEVA Heavy Duty Shower Curtain with Rustproof Metal Grommet and 3 Magnetic Weights – Odor Free and Compatible with Standard Showers, Clear ... iDesign PEVA Mold and Mildew Resistant Plastic Shower Curtain Liner for Use Alone or With Fabric Curtain, Set of 2, 72” x 72”, White. Vinyl. 4.3 out of 5 ...Use 1.5 cups of bleach in 1 gallon of water (around 1 part bleach to 10 parts water). Other options for killing mold are 1 cup of borax (sodium borate) in 1 gallon of water, undiluted vinegar, or 3 percent hydrogen peroxide. Use these cleaners separately to avoid dangerous chemical reactions.Mold pink orange in shower is an irritant for many individuals and might cause cold-like signs or breathing problems such as watery eyes, coughing and sneezing. Don’t Miss: How Do You Clean Mold Off Of Leather. Orange Mold In Shower And Bathroom. Shower and bathroom are understandably favorite habitats for mold. They …Empty the shower. Mix a solution of one tablespoon of dishwashing liquid and one quart of warm water. Dip a microfiber cloth or sponge in the solution. Start at the top of the tile and working in circles, gently scrub all of the stone surfaces. Rinse with warm water and dry the tile with a squeegee or towel.Additionally, leftover shampoo and soap is basically food for pink mold, so remove the residue once you get out of the shower. Pink mold also loves broken and leaky pipes; there’s nothing better for mold …Remember to periodically clean your showerhead if you notice the telltale pink discoloration. If you can keep your bathroom well-ventilated, that will help. Run the exhaust fan while and after showering, …Nov 21, 2023 · 1. To clean pink mold in the shower with bleach. As a powerful antibacterial, bleach is ideal if you’ve got a real pink mold issue going on in your shower. “In a spray bottle, combine 1 part bleach to 10 parts water, and soak the area,” says Golubev. “Let it sit about 10-15 minutes, then scrub it with a sponge. Dec 3, 2018 · Stains are easy to remove with a general-purpose cleaner containing chlorine bleach. You can also add 1/4 cup of bleach to your toilet tank, let it sit for 20 minutes, and then flush the toilet a few times to remove all the bleach. Don’t leave it in your tank—it can damage rubber valves and seals. Ever notice red or pink slime forming ... Luckily for homeowners, pink mold is relatively easy to remove from your shower, shower head, and other bathroom surfaces. According to Ultra …Sometimes, pink mold can look more orange than pink. This is because room temperatures can cause the mold to develop a red pigment. In addition to its color, pink mold often has a fuzzy or slimy texture. Usually, it will be found growing in between bathroom tiles and on shower curtains. What Causes Pink Mold to Grow?Despite popular belief, it's usually not caused by mold or poor water quality but by an airborne bacterium called Serratia marcescens, which thrives in moist ... Causes of Pink Mold in the Shower. Understanding the factors that contribute to the growth of pink mold is crucial in preventing its recurrence. The primary culprits include: Moisture: Pink mold thrives in damp environments, making showers a perfect breeding ground. Soap Scum: Residue from soap provides a nutrient-rich surface for pink mold to ... Pink mold, residue, or slime in a humidifier is a sign that you haven’t maintained the appliance correctly. All three are a form of mold, which thrives in the damp parts of the machine. Regular cleaning and drying removes the residue and prevents regrowth. ... you do not have to worry unless it finds its way into your shower. Serratia ...Don your cleaning gloves and then spray the bleach or white vinegar liberally onto the twisted toilet paper. For best results, allow the cleaning solution to set for a couple of hours. During this time, the cleaning solution will destroy the mold and remove the stain under the silicone.TikTok video from Catharsis Cleaning (@catharsis.cleanin): “Pink may bring. 1343.Threats Associated with shower Mold. Threats of pink fungus in shower connected with mold in the shower consist of breathing issues, swelling and also infections of the lungs, hemorrhaging in the lungs, allergies, breakouts as well as hives, and also a basic sensation of despair. Babies and also toddlers, senior individuals, and also those …Pink mold in shower. Pink mold is usually not a mold but rather a bacterium that attaches itself to white or grey colored molds. It starts as a fuzzy, fibrous growth; then, the bacteria grow on the mold growth. It can take on various shapes when it grows, and it also will turn into a slimy growth once the colony grows large enough. Pink … Causes of Pink Mold in the Shower. Understanding the factors that contribute to the growth of pink mold is crucial in preventing its recurrence. The primary culprits include: Moisture: Pink mold thrives in damp environments, making showers a perfect breeding ground. Soap Scum: Residue from soap provides a nutrient-rich surface for pink mold to ... . If you have a small amount of pink mold in the shower that you need to get rid of, 1/2 a cup of baking soda and 2 tablespoons of dish soap should do …Starbucks Pink Drink has become a popular choice among customers looking for a refreshing and Instagram-worthy beverage. This sweet and creamy drink has taken social media by storm...United States Email [email protected] 24/7 Get Free QuoteWhat if I get pink mold in my shower/bath? You can’t always clean your unit on a weekly basis. Therefore, you may see pink mold on the caulk lines. No worries! Just rub diluted bleach on the caulk to remove the pink mold prior to it turning into black mold. Then clean the walls, shower pan, or bathtub using Scrub Free and a mesh sponge as ...Warm Water. Dishwashing Liquid. Baking Soda. Microfiber Towel. Cleaning Brush. A Mask. To get rid of pink mold, you’ll want to start by putting on your gloves. Grab some disinfectant or make a ...Orange stains in showers due to high iron levels aren’t a risk to your health. However, pink mold can be rather dangerous and cause gastrointestinal illness, bacterial infections, and much more. If you suspect the orange stains in your shower are due to pink mold, it is best to get in touch with a water treatment specialist.Allow the bleach to sit for 10-15 minutes. e) Wipe and scrub. With your gloves still on, use a clean cloth or sponge to wipe away the mold. For any stubborn spots, use your old toothbrush to gently scrub the mold away. f) Rinse and dry. Thoroughly rinse your shower with warm water, ensuring that all bleach is removed.If you have a low-budget shower curtain with pink mold, consider replacing it with a mold-resistant curtain. The LiBa Bathroom Shower Curtain wicks away moisture, bacteria, and rust to prevent long-term stains and mold. Try the RMR-86 Instant Mold Stain Remover. A few sprays of this anti-bacterial product will remove pink mold, mildew, and …Don your cleaning gloves and then spray the bleach or white vinegar liberally onto the twisted toilet paper. For best results, allow the cleaning solution to set for a couple of hours. During this time, the cleaning solution will destroy the mold and remove the stain under the silicone.How to treat pink mold in a toilet. Your bath and shower aren’t the only places pink mold can appear. The good news is, it’s easy to treat pink mold in a toilet. Step 1: Add ¼ cup of bleach to the toilet bowl and leave for 30 minutes. Step 2: Add an extra ¼ cup of bleach to the cistern tank and leave for 30 minutesDec 3, 2018 · Stains are easy to remove with a general-purpose cleaner containing chlorine bleach. You can also add 1/4 cup of bleach to your toilet tank, let it sit for 20 minutes, and then flush the toilet a few times to remove all the bleach. Don’t leave it in your tank—it can damage rubber valves and seals. Ever notice red or pink slime forming ... Nov 4, 2023 · It turns out pink mold isn't mold at all. Mold is a type of fungus, and pink mold is a species of bacterium with the scientific name Serratia marcescens. Unlike most other bacteria, this one is ... Mold, often referred to as mildew, is a category of fungus that likes to grow in damp areas in and around your home.Shower walls, windowsills, and other areas that attract moisture are prime areas ... Solutions. Some simple cleaning measures can be taken to temporarily remove the slimy pink or black films on your water fixtures. Use a soft scrub brush and cleaning solution of 50-50 warm water and white vinegar to remove the residue, then try and keep the area as dry as possible moving forward. Let the vinegar and water solution soak for 10 ... The bacterial pink ring looks like orange or pink mold, but it’s actually not mold. Orange mold is fungus while the pink ring is a colony of airborne bacteria. ... Preventing Pink Ring/Stains/Mold in Toilet & Shower. Following are some measures, tips and ideas to prevent the spread of the pink discoloration in your kitchen sinks, toilet and ...Mold toxicity can present as a syndrome with many symptoms, such as depression. Treatment is available to help you cope and get rid of mold in your home. One school of thought main...Download Article. 1. Mix tea tree or citrus seed oil in a spray bottle with water. Both tea tree oil and citrus seed oil, such as lemon or grapefruit, work really well to clean mold. Combine 2 teaspoons (9.9 ml) of your essential oil with 2 cups (470 ml) of water in a glass spray bottle.Interestingly, pink shower slime is not always pink, despite its name. The pink hue is often the result of a red pigment that is produced at room temperature. The color can vary from salmon to orange or even deep-blood red, depending on the environment. ... Since pink mold thrives and spreads in moist environments, drying shower walls after ...Download Article. 1. Wash the curtain with detergent and vinegar. Put half the recommended amount of detergent in your washing machine. Add 1 cup (240 mL) of white vinegar. Toss in your shower curtain and a couple of old towels, and wash them on a normal cycle. [5] 2. Fill your tub with water and 1 cup (300 g) of salt.The NFL announced Pink will be performing the National Anthem at the Super Bowl on Feb. 4 in Minneapolis, Minnesota. By clicking "TRY IT", I agree to receive newsletters and promot...Pink mould on your shower and sink. As Forbes reports, despite what 'pink mould' is popularly called, it's not mould at all: it’s bacteria.. The two most common bacteria that causes these pink shower slime are Serratia marcescens and Aureobasidium pullulans. The colour happens due to the pigment produced by the bacteria, called …That pink stuff commonly referred to as “pink mold” is actually a bacteria. It’s name is Serratia marcescens, and it loves the minerals and fats in soaps and shampoos. If you look up Serratia marcescens on Wikipedia, it seems sort of scary. It is responsible for many infections people get while they stay in the hospital.Pink mold, or Serratia marcescens, is a type of bacteria that can grow on moist surfaces in the home. It can spread quickly and can cause health problems such as respiratory infections, eye irritation, and even death in those with compromised immune systems. Pink mold is often found in showers, bathtubs, and other damp areas within the home.There are many colors of mold and shower mold can be pink, green, brown, or even grey. 7 Ways To Prevent Shower Mold. Practice good ventilation. Open the bathroom window when showering. Turn on the exhaust fan when showering and leave it on for 30 minutes afterwards. Keep the bathroom door open when showering if possible.Pink Moscato is typically a blend of white Moscato wine made from Muscat Blanc grapes and a touch of red wine. It can also be made by blending Muscat Blanc grapes with Black Muscat...Pink mold is not mold but a type of bacteria that thrives in damp and warm environments. Learn how to identify, remove and prevent pink mold in your shower with DIY tips and professional advice.Additionally, leftover shampoo and soap is basically food for pink mold, so remove the residue once you get out of the shower. Pink mold also loves broken and leaky pipes; there’s nothing better for mold …There are many reasons to install a fiberglass shower in your bathroom. They’re easy to clean and maintain, they can change the look of your bathroom and they’re fairly inexpensive...How to Get Rid of Pink Mold. When it comes to getting rid of pink mold, regular cleaning is key. For a DIY cleaning solution, mix white vinegar and hot water in a spray bottle. Apply it to the affected area and let it sit for a few minutes before scrubbing with a soft bristle brush or nylon bristle brush. For tougher stains, a mixture of baking ...Step 5. Remove the curtain at the end of the wash cycle and allow it to hang dry. Do not, under any circumstances, place the shower curtain in the dryer. If any pink mold remains, try washing the curtain again but add 1/2 cup of bleach and 1/4 cup detergent to the wash, instead of vinegar and baking soda. Bleach is another powerful mold killer.The Pink Stuff is the best mold remover to clean your grout. It’s effective at removing mold and mildew but also works to remove dirt, grime, and tough stains baked into the grout. The Pink Stuff is safe for a multitude of surfaces without worrying about damage—it’s even gentle enough to use on granite without running the risk of scratches.The reason pink mold forms in the showers is because it loves damp environments and likes to eat fatty substances and phosphorus - two materials commonly found in soap residue and body oils ...Towel dry or squeegee shower and bathtub walls and doors. Remove soap and shampoo residue from surfaces. Remove soap scum every two weeks. Wash and dry shower curtains and bathmats monthly and replace plastic shower liners regularly. Turn on the bathroom fan before a shower and leave it on for 20 minutes after.Texture: Black mold often has a slimy or fuzzy texture, while pink mold tends to form a thin, biofilm-like layer. Location: Black mold thrives in consistently damp areas, such as grout lines and corners, while pink mold is commonly found on shower curtains, tiles, and even in the water reservoir of your showerhead. Step-by-Step Guide … Make sure to wash your shower curtain and clean all the rings etc (if you have one). Dry it completely afterwards. If you don't already, I recommend using a squeegee after each shower to dry the shower :) You definitely need to do a deep clean at least once and then just maintain it. For shoes, you’ll want to create a mixture of OxiClean and water. 1/2 scoop of OxiClean per gallon of hot (not boiled) water. First, brush off any loose mold spores. Preferably outside. Then apply the OxiClean solution directly to the moldy areas and leave for 10-15 minutes. Lastly, blot the area with warm water.While some pink stains are caused by overly-metallic water, the most common cause of the colorful, slimy stuff is Serratia Marcescens. What is Serratia ...Apr 17, 2023 · What Is Pink Mold? Serratia marcescens is an airborne bacterium or mold that grows in the dampest places in your home, like shower stalls, bathtubs, bathroom tiles, toilets, sinks, toothbrush holders, and kitchen faucets. It is a natural bacteria that gets stirred up in the air, lands in wet areas, and starts building colonies of pink slime in ... Mold pink orange in shower is an irritant for many individuals and might cause cold-like signs or breathing problems such as watery eyes, coughing and sneezing. how to clean orange mold in shower Staining by Mold in Bathroom. To keep mold from forming on the tile grout in your restroom, avoid the conditions that lead to mold …Sometimes, pink mold can look more orange than pink. This is because room temperatures can cause the mold to develop a red pigment. In addition to its color, pink mold often has a fuzzy or slimy texture. Usually, it will be found growing in between bathroom tiles and on shower curtains. What Causes Pink Mold to Grow?Mar 18, 2023 · The bathroom, particularly the shower, has everything pink mold needs to thrive, including warm temperatures, lots of moisture, and food. The bacteria feast on the soap scum that collects on shower walls, the shower curtain, the showerhead, and faucets in the shower and elsewhere in the bathroom. They also feed on greases and oils that collect ... Pink shower curtain mold. Pink mold affect shower curtains, bathroom tile, and other places where moisture is present. The good news is that you can get rid of it pretty easily. All you need is a little bleach or vinegar solution. Just be sure to ventilate the area well while you’re cleaning and wear gloves to protect your hands.To clean orange mold in the shower, here are the steps to take: Put on gloves, a mask, and protective eyewear. Mix a solution of warm water and a non-toxic cleaner. Scrub the affected areas with a brush or scrub sponge. Rinse the area with clean water. Dry the area with a towel.September 18, 2023. While not all mold is a serious threat, mold in your home is never a good thing. If you’ve noticed a pinkish fungus growing …Feb 14, 2024 ... However, the frequent appearance of pink mold can indicate the need for more targeted cleaning practices or improved ventilation in certain ...Empty the shower. Mix a solution of one tablespoon of dishwashing liquid and one quart of warm water. Dip a microfiber cloth or sponge in the solution. Start at the top of the tile and working in circles, gently scrub all of the stone surfaces. Rinse with warm water and dry the tile with a squeegee or towel.Whether you become an industrious shower cleaner-upper or not, Tierno says mold isn’t likely to pose any major health risk to the average person. “Any fungus can be allergenic,” he says. “You can develop an allergy or exacerbate an allergy if you expose yourself long enough to a fungus. It’s something you pay attention to, but you don ...Nov 26, 2021 ... One of the most important places to clean in your home is the bathroom. While it is the place where you take care of your hygiene and ...Sep 28, 2023 ... Organic Material Accumulation: Soap scum, hairs, and bodily oil can easily accumulate in your shower if you don't clean it often. Serratia ...Keep reading to learn how to tackle pink mold in various parts of your home and prevent it from returning. Pink Mold in the Bathroom Causes of Pink Mold in the Bathroom. Thanks to all that moisture and humidity, bathrooms are like paradise for pink mold. Think about it—showers, baths, and sinks create the perfect environment for our …Nov 4, 2023 · It turns out pink mold isn't mold at all. Mold is a type of fungus, and pink mold is a species of bacterium with the scientific name Serratia marcescens. Unlike most other bacteria, this one is ... Step 1. Purchase a quality cleaner with high-pressure nozzle attachments, and ensure it consistently heats water to 100 degrees and preferably has a wattage between 500 and 1,500 watts. Step 2. Fill the tank with water and turn the unit on, waiting for it to reach temperature and begin producing steam. Step 3. ---1